Airspeed vs. Angle Of Attack (Acknowledgments: Air Facts; AOPA USA)
Some
pilots sometimes overlook the relationship between airspeed and angle of
attack. If they didn’t, we would not have the loss of control accidents that we
do.
For every
normal flight operation where we use a certain airspeed to achieve maximum
performance, there is one correct AOA. That AOA never changes, but the airspeed
to achieve it does - all the time! Unfortunately, we are usually
only given those airspeeds which apply to a very specific set of circumstances.
These speeds are only correct at gross weight and 1G.
Guess
what? These airspeeds are never correct, because for normal flight we are only at gross weight
and 1G when sitting on the ramp! If you happen to be loaded to gross weight, as
soon as you start your engine, you are burning fuel and your weight is going
down. And if you are anything but straight and level in the air, you are not at
1G.
So what’s
the big deal? Wouldn’t using the POH numbers provide an extra margin of safety?
The answer is NO. We have many fatal accidents every year because pilots were
flying too fast on approach. Or too slow because they were not at 1G. They were all flying
at the wrong AOA!
We use
ten basic airspeeds to fly airplanes. The five marked on the airspeed
indicator are aerodynamic or structural limits. They are fixed and do not
vary with weight. Here they are, starting at the bottom of the indicator:
- Vso, bottom of the white, stall speed dirty, at gross weight and 1G
- Vs1, bottom of the green, stall speed clean, at gross weight and 1G
- Vfe, top of the white, max flap extended speed
- Vno, top of the green, max normal operating speed
- Vne, top of the yellow, redline, never exceed speed
The other
five are not there because they vary, primarily with weight. Here they are,
starting at the bottom:
- Vref, approach landing speed, 1.3 Vso
- Vx, best angle of climb speed
- Vy, best rate of climb speed
- Vbg, best glide speed
- Va, minimum manoeuvring speed
Use of
the POH numbers (gross weight and 1G) results in using many different angles of
attack as our weight changes, not the one AOA that is correct. For example, if
you are flying an airplane in the normal category, the limit load factor is
3.8G. Let’s say your clean stall speed, Vs1, is 60. Your weight varies with
changes in fuel load, payload and G load. Your load changes whenever you add or
remove fuel, people, or cargo. Your G load changes whenever you move the
elevator with the stick or yoke, at a fixed power setting.
So how do
you know what your stall speed really is? At a fixed AOA, your stall speed varies directly with weight.
Reduce weight (or G), stall speed goes down. Increase weight (or G), stall
speed goes up. How much can it vary? You, the pilot, control your weight, so
you control your stall speed. You control your weight on the ground with fuel
load and payload. You control your weight in the air with G load. Your airplane
doesn’t know the difference, so you can weigh whatever you want!
You can
vary your G load from zero to 3.8. Yes, we’ve all done it, you can push to zero
G, meaning your weight is zero. Guess what your stall speed is at zero G? Yep, ZERO!
OK, what is your stall speed at 3.8G? It varies with the square root of the G.
The square root of 3.8 is 1.95. Multiply that by your 1G stall speed, 60, and
your new stall speed is 117! So, you can vary your stall speed from 0 to
117 by moving the stick/yoke fore and aft, without overstressing your airplane.
So, at the first indication that you are running out of lift (sloppy controls,
buffet, stall warning, or un-commanded roll), PUSH! This pushes your stall speed
down. All the way to zero if you want! Remember, if you don’t stall, you can’t spin.
Don’t try to teach yourself, though. Use your instructor, who is experienced in all-attitude flying. Lives might be saved if all pilots received this training. And if
new airplanes came with AOA/Lift Reserve Indicators installed. Hopefully, someday it will be the
norm, not the exception.
FLY SAFE!
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